Add type annotations

[basnijholt]

I have used MonkeyType when running the tests that automatically added the type hints.

Then I went over all the changes and fixed (or simplified) the things.

[basnijholt]

@akhmerov and @jbweston, I am done with this.

The only thing that has room for improvement, is the loss functions of the LearnerND. However, since we might deprecate that code, I didn't invest too much time.

[codecov-io]

Codecov Report

Merging #244 into master will increase coverage by 0.22%. The diff coverage is 96.48%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master     #244      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   79.52%   79.74%   +0.22%     
==========================================
  Files          32       32              
  Lines        4401     4469      +68     
  Branches      810      810              
==========================================
+ Hits         3500     3564      +64     
- Misses        776      778       +2     
- Partials      125      127       +2

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
adaptive/_version.py	48.14% <100%> (+0.48%)	:arrow_up:
adaptive/learner/skopt_learner.py	59.7% <100%> (+1.23%)	:arrow_up:
adaptive/learner/learner1D.py	91.89% <100%> (-0.44%)	:arrow_down:
adaptive/learner/learner2D.py	78.49% <100%> (+0.1%)	:arrow_up:
adaptive/utils.py	83.05% <100%> (+0.59%)	:arrow_up:
adaptive/learner/triangulation.py	85.2% <100%> (+0.31%)	:arrow_up:
adaptive/learner/balancing_learner.py	74.46% <100%> (+0.69%)	:arrow_up:
adaptive/learner/data_saver.py	88.88% <100%> (+0.65%)	:arrow_up:
adaptive/learner/integrator_learner.py	88.17% <100%> (+0.23%)	:arrow_up:
adaptive/learner/integrator_coeffs.py	95.34% <100%> (+0.05%)	:arrow_up:
... and 8 more

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[jbweston]

I've put this on my review backlog

[basnijholt]

Closing.

This is superseded by #370, #371, #372, #373, #374, #375, #376, #377, #378, and #379.