AP_TempSensor:: Add MCP9600 and other upgrades

[magicrub]

This PR does a few things:

• This branch is on top of the frontend/backend split PR https://github.com/ArduPilot/ardupilot/pull/20060
• Refactors the new AP_TemperatureSensor a bit
• Add support for MCP9600 temperature sensor
• Adds ability for AP_TemperatureSensor to override other library's temperature value: Battery, ESC, ESC_Motor (example, if your ESC doesn't have a temperate sensor, the value will always be zero but with an external sensor touching that ESC we can now override the ESC's temp property).
• Added AP_Periph support
• Adds a new AP_Periph hwdef build target: f303-TempSensor

This replaces https://github.com/ArduPilot/ardupilot/pull/17627 and https://github.com/ArduPilot/ardupilot/pull/18841

[IamPete1]

I always thought scripting would be a good fit for temperature sensing. However I can see why it would be useful on Periph where scripting won't fit, so I guess if we need it in c++ for that we might as well allow it on the vehicle code too.

[magicrub]

Devcall outcome:

• battery has_temperature() needs a semaphore (the millis() could cause issues)
• default shall be: enabled by default for Sub, else disabled

[magicrub]

I need a little help on the "default enabled for Sub, else disabled" because I can set #define AP_TEMPERATURE_SENSOR_ENABLED APM_BUILD_TYPE(APM_BUILD_ArduSub) in the header. I'll leave this at #define AP_TEMPERATURE_SENSOR_ENABLED (!HAL_MINIMIZE_FEATURES && BOARD_FLASH_SIZE > 1024) for now

[magicrub]

@IamPete1 I've added dummy methods per your request.

[magicrub]

Flagging for dev call, this is ready to merge.. just need someone to approve

[tridge]

definitely needs to be included in SITL

[magicrub]

with use of _config.h and some ifdefs we should be able to greatly reduce impact on low flash boards

In this case, it had no impact.. but I've added the _config.h file anyway for the new scheme.

[magicrub]

tagged for dev call, round 3

[tridge]

thanks for all your work on this!