i18n(de): update `basics/astro-components.mdx`

[trueberryless]

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• update basics/astro-components.mdx
• #9465
• #8302
• #8393
• #6864
• #5712
• Additional refactoring of multiple levels of the headings (couldn't find any PR regarding these changes on the original English version): see https://github.com/withastro/docs/pull/9754/commits/ac43c034d0013bc528ca2f06c272bc0864e07f61

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