fix: allow full hostnames in asset url base, fix #12731

[jonaskuske]

fix #12731

modeled after https://github.com/vuejs/core/blob/a95554d35c65e5bfd0bf9d1c5b908ae789345a6d/packages/compiler-sfc/src/templateTransformAssetUrl.ts#L120-L130

What kind of change does this PR introduce? (check at least one)

• [x] Bugfix
• [ ] Feature
• [ ] Code style update
• [ ] Refactor
• [ ] Build-related changes
• [ ] Other, please describe:

Does this PR introduce a breaking change? (check one)

• [ ] Yes
• [x] No

If yes, please describe the impact and migration path for existing applications:

The PR fulfills these requirements:

• [ ] It's submitted to the dev branch for v2.x (or to a previous version branch), not the master branch
• [x] When resolving a specific issue, it's referenced in the PR's title (e.g. fix #xxx[,#xxx], where "xxx" is the issue number)
• [ ] All tests are passing: https://github.com/vuejs/vue/blob/dev/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md#development-setup
• [ ] New/updated tests are included

If adding a new feature, the PR's description includes:

• [ ] A convincing reason for adding this feature (to avoid wasting your time, it's best to open a suggestion issue first and wait for approval before working on it)

Other information: