[WIP] Add pre-commit and lint workflow

[peytondmurray]

This PR adds a workflow to run pre-commit on every PR; a sensible initial set of pre-commit hooks is also included, and a new optional dependency has been added for pre-commit.

Currently blocked until ~#2252~ #4119 is merged, at which point the this will be marked as ready for review, and the lint workflow should run successfully.

Later on, we'll want to start re-enabling various rules and cleaning up rule violations.