Hypertext Abstract Syntax Tree format.

hast is a specification for representing HTML (and embedded SVG or MathML) as an abstract syntax tree. It implements the unist spec.

This document may not be released. See releases for released documents. The latest released version is 2.4.0.

Contents

• Introduction
  • Where this specification fits
  • Virtual DOM
• Nodes
  • Parent
  • Literal
  • Root
  • Element
  • Doctype
  • Comment
  • Text
• Glossary
• List of utilities
• Related HTML utilities
• References
• Security
• Related
• Contribute
• Acknowledgments
• License

Introduction

This document defines a format for representing hypertext as an abstract syntax tree. Development of hast started in April 2016 for rehype. This specification is written in a Web IDL-like grammar.

Where this specification fits

hast extends unist, a format for syntax trees, to benefit from its ecosystem of utilities.

hast relates to JavaScript in that it has an ecosystem of utilities for working with compliant syntax trees in JavaScript. However, hast is not limited to JavaScript and can be used in other programming languages.

hast relates to the unified and rehype projects in that hast syntax trees are used throughout their ecosystems.

Virtual DOM

The reason for introducing a new “virtual” DOM is primarily:

• The DOM is very heavy to implement outside of the browser, a lean and stripped down virtual DOM can be used everywhere
• Most virtual DOMs do not focus on ease of use in transformations
• Other virtual DOMs cannot represent the syntax of HTML in its entirety (think comments and document types)
• Neither the DOM nor virtual DOMs focus on positional information

Nodes

Parent

interface Parent <: UnistParent {
  children: [Element | Doctype | Comment | Text]
}

Parent (UnistParent) represents a node in hast containing other nodes (said to be children).

Its content is limited to only other hast content.

Literal

interface Literal <: UnistLiteral {
  value: string
}

Literal (UnistLiteral) represents a node in hast containing a value.

Root

interface Root <: Parent {
  type: "root"
}

Root (Parent) represents a document.

Root can be used as the root of a tree, or as a value of the content field on a 'template' Element, never as a child.

Element

interface Element <: Parent {
  type: "element"
  tagName: string
  properties: Properties?
  content: Root?
  children: [Element | Comment | Text]
}

Element (Parent) represents an Element ([DOM]).

A tagName field must be present. It represents the element’s local name ([DOM]).

The properties field represents information associated with the element. The value of the properties field implements the Properties interface.

If the tagName field is 'template', a content field can be present. The value of the content field implements the Root interface.

If the tagName field is 'template', the element must be a leaf.

If the tagName field is 'noscript', its children should be represented as if scripting is disabled ([HTML]).

For example, the following HTML:

<a href="https://alpha.com" class="bravo" download></a>

Yields:

{
  type: 'element',
  tagName: 'a',
  properties: {
    href: 'https://alpha.com',
    className: ['bravo'],
    download: true
  },
  children: []
}

Properties

interface Properties {}

Properties represents information associated with an element.

Every field must be a PropertyName and every value a PropertyValue.

PropertyName

typedef string PropertyName

Property names are keys on Properties objects and reflect HTML, SVG, ARIA, XML, XMLNS, or XLink attribute names. Often, they have the same value as the corresponding attribute (for example, id is a property name reflecting the id attribute name), but there are some notable differences.

These rules aren’t simple. Use hastscript (or property-information directly) to help.

The following rules are used to transform HTML attribute names to property names. These rules are based on how ARIA is reflected in the DOM ([ARIA]), and differs from how some (older) HTML attributes are reflected in the DOM.

1. Any name referencing a combinations of multiple words (such as “stroke miter limit”) becomes a camelcased property name capitalizing each word boundary. This includes combinations that are sometimes written as several words. For example, stroke-miterlimit becomes strokeMiterLimit, autocorrect becomes autoCorrect, and allowfullscreen becomes allowFullScreen.
2. Any name that can be hyphenated, becomes a camelcased property name capitalizing each boundary. For example, “read-only” becomes readOnly.
3. Compound words that are not used with spaces or hyphens are treated as a normal word and the previous rules apply. For example, “placeholder”, “strikethrough”, and “playback” stay the same.
4. Acronyms in names are treated as a normal word and the previous rules apply. For example, itemid become itemId and bgcolor becomes bgColor.

Exceptions

Some jargon is seen as one word even though it may not be seen as such by dictionaries. For example, nohref becomes noHref, playsinline becomes playsInline, and accept-charset becomes acceptCharset.

The HTML attributes class and for respectively become className and htmlFor in alignment with the DOM. No other attributes gain different names as properties, other than a change in casing.

Notes

property-information lists all property names.

The property name rules differ from how HTML is reflected in the DOM for the following attributes:

PropertyValue

typedef any PropertyValue

Property values should reflect the data type determined by their property name. For example, the HTML <div hidden></div> has a hidden attribute, which is reflected as a hidden property name set to the property value true, and <input minlength="5">, which has a minlength attribute, is reflected as a minLength property name set to the property value 5.

In JSON, the value null must be treated as if the property was not included. In JavaScript, both null and undefined must be similarly ignored.

The DOM has strict rules on how it coerces HTML to expected values, whereas hast is more lenient in how it reflects the source. Where the DOM treats <div hidden="no"></div> as having a value of true and <img width="yes"> as having a value of 0, these should be reflected as 'no' and 'yes', respectively, in hast.

The reason for this is to allow plugins and utilities to inspect these non-standard values.

The DOM also specifies comma separated and space separated lists attribute values. In hast, these should be treated as ordered lists. For example, <div class="alpha bravo"></div> is represented as ['alpha', 'bravo'].

There’s no special format for the property value of the style property name.

Doctype

interface Doctype <: Node {
  type: "doctype"
}

Doctype (Node) represents a DocumentType ([DOM]).

For example, the following HTML:

<!doctype html>

Yields:

{type: 'doctype'}

Comment

interface Comment <: Literal {
  type: "comment"
}

Comment (Literal) represents a Comment ([DOM]).

For example, the following HTML:

<!--Charlie-->

Yields:

{type: 'comment', value: 'Charlie'}

Text

interface Text <: Literal {
  type: "text"
}

Text (Literal) represents a Text ([DOM]).

For example, the following HTML:

<span>Foxtrot</span>

Yields:

{
  type: 'element',
  tagName: 'span',
  properties: {},
  children: [{type: 'text', value: 'Foxtrot'}]
}

Glossary

See the unist glossary.

List of utilities

See the unist list of utilities for more utilities.

• hastscript — create trees
• hast-to-hyperscript — transform to something else through a hyperscript DSL
• hast-util-assert — assert nodes
• hast-util-class-list — simulate the browser’s classList API for hast nodes
• hast-util-classnames — merge class names together
• hast-util-embedded — check if a node is an embedded element
• hast-util-excerpt — truncate the tree to a comment
• hast-util-find-and-replace — find and replace text in a tree
• hast-util-from-dom — transform from DOM tree
• hast-util-from-html — parse from HTML
• hast-util-from-parse5 — transform from Parse5’s AST
• hast-util-from-selector — parse CSS selectors to nodes
• hast-util-from-string — set the plain-text value of a node (textContent)
• hast-util-from-text — set the plain-text value of a node (innerText)
• hast-util-from-webparser — transform Webparser’s AST to hast
• hast-util-has-property — check if an element has a certain property
• hast-util-heading — check if a node is heading content
• hast-util-heading-rank — get the rank (also known as depth or level) of headings
• hast-util-interactive — check if a node is interactive
• hast-util-is-body-ok-link — check if a link element is “Body OK”
• hast-util-is-conditional-comment — check if node is a conditional comment
• hast-util-is-css-link — check if node is a CSS link
• hast-util-is-css-style — check if node is a CSS style
• hast-util-is-element — check if node is a (certain) element
• hast-util-is-event-handler — check if property is an event handler
• hast-util-is-javascript — check if node is a JavaScript script
• hast-util-labelable — check if node is labelable
• hast-util-menu-state — check the state of a menu element
• hast-util-parse-selector — create an element from a simple CSS selector
• hast-util-phrasing — check if a node is phrasing content
• hast-util-raw — parse a tree again
• hast-util-reading-time — estimate the reading time
• hast-util-sanitize — sanitize nodes
• hast-util-script-supporting — check if node is script-supporting content
• hast-util-select — querySelector, querySelectorAll, and matches
• hast-util-sectioning — check if node is sectioning content
• hast-util-shift-heading — change heading rank (depth, level)
• hast-util-table-cell-style — transform deprecated styling attributes on table cells to inline styles
• hast-util-to-dom — transform to a DOM tree
• hast-util-to-estree — transform to estree (JavaScript AST) JSX
• hast-util-to-html — serialize as HTML
• hast-util-to-jsx — transform hast to JSX
• hast-util-to-mdast — transform to mdast (markdown)
• hast-util-to-nlcst — transform to nlcst (natural language)
• hast-util-to-parse5 — transform to Parse5’s AST
• hast-util-to-portable-text — transform to portable text
• hast-util-to-string — get the plain-text value of a node (textContent)
• hast-util-to-text — get the plain-text value of a node (innerText)
• hast-util-to-xast — transform to xast (xml)
• hast-util-transparent — check if node is transparent content
• hast-util-truncate — truncate the tree to a certain number of characters
• hast-util-whitespace — check if node is inter-element whitespace

Related HTML utilities

• a-rel — List of link types for rel on a / area
• aria-attributes — List of ARIA attributes
• collapse-white-space — Replace multiple white-space characters with a single space
• comma-separated-tokens — Parse/stringify comma separated tokens
• html-tag-names — List of HTML tag names
• html-dangerous-encodings — List of dangerous HTML character encoding labels
• html-encodings — List of HTML character encoding labels
• html-element-attributes — Map of HTML attributes
• html-event-attributes — List of HTML event handler content attributes
• html-void-elements — List of void HTML tag names
• link-rel — List of link types for rel on link
• mathml-tag-names — List of MathML tag names
• meta-name — List of values for name on meta
• property-information — Information on HTML properties
• space-separated-tokens — Parse/stringify space separated tokens
• svg-tag-names — List of SVG tag names
• svg-element-attributes — Map of SVG attributes
• svg-event-attributes — List of SVG event handler content attributes
• web-namespaces — Map of web namespaces

References

• unist: Universal Syntax Tree. T. Wormer; et al.
• JavaScript: ECMAScript Language Specification. Ecma International.
• HTML: HTML Standard, A. van Kesteren; et al. WHATWG.
• DOM: DOM Standard, A. van Kesteren, A. Gregor, Ms2ger. WHATWG.
• SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), N. Andronikos, R. Atanassov, T. Bah, B. Birtles, B. Brinza, C. Concolato, E. Dahlström, C. Lilley, C. McCormack, D. Schepers, R. Schwerdtfeger, D. Storey, S. Takagi, J. Watt. W3C.
• MathML: Mathematical Markup Language Standard, D. Carlisle, P. Ion, R. Miner. W3C.
• ARIA: Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA), J. Diggs, J. Craig, S. McCarron, M. Cooper. W3C.
• JSON The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format, T. Bray. IETF.
• Web IDL: Web IDL, C. McCormack. W3C.

Security

As hast represents HTML, and improper use of HTML can open you up to a cross-site scripting (XSS) attack, improper use of hast is also unsafe. Always be careful with user input and use hast-util-santize to make the hast tree safe.

Related

• mdast — Markdown Abstract Syntax Tree format
• nlcst — Natural Language Concrete Syntax Tree format
• xast — Extensible Abstract Syntax Tree

Contribute

See contributing.md in syntax-tree/.github for ways to get started. See support.md for ways to get help. Ideas for new utilities and tools can be posted in syntax-tree/ideas.

A curated list of awesome syntax-tree, unist, mdast, hast, xast, and nlcst resources can be found in awesome syntax-tree.

This project has a code of conduct. By interacting with this repository, organization, or community you agree to abide by its terms.

Acknowledgments

The initial release of this project was authored by @wooorm.

Special thanks to @eush77 for their work, ideas, and incredibly valuable feedback!

Thanks to @andrewburgess, @arobase-che, @arystan-sw, @BarryThePenguin, @brechtcs, @ChristianMurphy, @ChristopherBiscardi, @craftzdog, @cupojoe, @davidtheclark, @derhuerst, @detj, @DxCx, @erquhart, @flurmbo, @Hamms, @Hypercubed, @inklesspen, @jeffal, @jlevy, @Justineo, @lfittl, @kgryte, @kmck, @kthjm, @KyleAMathews, @macklinu, @medfreeman, @Murderlon, @nevik, @nokome, @phiresky, @revolunet, @rhysd, @Rokt33r, @rubys, @s1n, @Sarah-Seo, @sethvincent, @simov, @s1n, @StarpTech, @stefanprobst, @stuff, @subhero24, @tripodsan, @tunnckoCore, @vhf, @voischev, and @zjaml, for contributing to hast and related projects!

License

CC-BY-4.0 © Titus Wormer