SNOW-784270: Improve and Restructure Logging

[sfc-gh-wfateem]

We're not really printing out a lot of useful information when exceptions occur, and in a lot of cases, we swallow exceptions until debugging is enabled.

This has been a recurring complaint by users and it poses challenges from a debuggability perspective. The desired outcome of this enhancement is to print out errors that are significant or fatal to the standard error stream so that users can become aware of those issues even if logging is disabled, which is how the vast majority of users have it configured by default.