Add user-friendly tags for Debian variants

[mamekoro]

Rust Docker images are tagged with tags containing Debian codenames such as 1-buster, 1-bullseye, and 1-bookworm.

However, for those who do not use Debian as their main OS, the Debian codenames are very confusing: it is hard to tell at a glance which of buster, bullseye, or bookworm is the latest one.

My suggestion is to add tags containing the Debian version number to make the tag more user-friendly. That is, tags like 1-debian10, 1-debian11, 1-debian12, etc.

The alpine variants are tagged with version numbers, such as 1-alpine3.18, so I believe it is possible for the Debian variants too.