Add embedded-hal-bus atomic-device features

[9names]

trafficstars

Add atomic-device and portable-atomic features as described in this comment The tasks from the comment are copied below for convenience

• Add a new atomic-device feature, default off
• Only enable AtomicDevice when either the atomic-device feature is enabled or cfg(target_has_atomic...) is set, so it's by default available on platforms with CAS
• Add new portable-atomic-critical-section and portable-atomic-unsafe-assume-single-core features which proxy to the corresponding portable-atomic features (so users don't have to depend on portable-atomic directly) and enable our atomic-device feature
• Document these new features
• Release as 0.3

Note that the entire util.rs module is only ever used by AtomicDevice and the i2c/spi atomic impls, so we could sensibly rename it to atomic_util.rs and gate that that file instead of everything defined inside it.

Note: untested at this point. Will add comment once testing is done.

Resolves #598

[9names]

CI errors, because cargo clippy --all-features is definitely not compatible with these new, mutually incompatible features

[Dirbaio]

perhaps we can instead do the following:

• Add a feature portable-atomic
• Document that if you enable it, you have to add a dep on portable-atomic and enable one of the two polyfill mode features on it.
• Enable AtomicDevice if any(feature = "portable-atomic", target_has_atomic = "8")

Advantages

• Generalizes better if we add more things requiring atomics in the future (the portable-atomic feature would enable all "things" requiring atomics, if we name the feature atomic-device we'd need one per "thing")
• Generalizes better if portable-atomic adds more polyfill modes in the future.
• Avoids non-additive features in embedded-hal-bus.

[9names]

Certainly looks cleaner @Dirbaio. I've also added require-cas to the enabled features of portable-atomic as per the docs, so that users that fail to add an appropriate polyfill feature on portable-atomic will get a link error: