[v23.2.x] cloud_storage: avoid possible double stop in segment reader

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/18229 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked. Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-18229-v23.2.x-442
git cherry-pick -x 226c43e52a31ab41188f9ff0ac616e7bf9b42e2d

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-18229-v23.2.x-442
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] cloud_storage: avoid possible double stop in segment reader" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-18229-v23.2.x-442" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/18229 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-2764](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2764)

[CORE-2764]: https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2764?atlOrigin=eyJpIjoiNWRkNTljNzYxNjVmNDY3MDlhMDU5Y2ZhYzA5YTRkZjUiLCJwIjoiZ2l0aHViLWNvbS1KU1cifQ