build: upgrade all base docker images to ubuntu 24.04

[mdonadoni]

Let's upgrade the base docker image of all REANA components from ubuntu 20.04 to ubuntu 24.04.

This also means that we have to add support for Python 3.12.

• [ ] reana-auth-krb5
• [ ] reana-client
• [ ] reana-job-controller (@mdonadoni)
• [ ] reana-server (@mdonadoni) https://github.com/reanahub/reana-server/pull/692
• [ ] reana-workflow-controller (@mdonadoni) https://github.com/reanahub/reana-workflow-controller/pull/592
• [ ] reana-workflow-engine-cwl
• [ ] reana-workflow-engine-serial (@wirespecter) https://github.com/reanahub/reana-workflow-engine-serial/pull/211
• [ ] reana-workflow-engine-snakemake
• [ ] reana-workflow-engine-yadage (@wirespecter) https://github.com/reanahub/reana-workflow-engine-yadage/pull/270