DHCP sets 9000 MTU while wired interface supports 1500 - large packets kill the interface
When told by DHCP, the Raspberry Pi sets a 9000 bit MTU on its wired Ethernet interface that only supports up to 1500. Large packets as good as a cut cable - not recoverable without resetting the network from the local console.
Administrative fix is to comment out "option interface_mtu" in /etc/dhdpcd.conf so that the DHCP client ignores DHCP's MTU setting. But that should not be needed: the Raspberry Pi should just ignore MTU settings larger that supported by the interface.
Reproduced on Pi3B and Pi1B, both with install from 2020-08-20-raspios-buster-armhf image, kernel "5.4.72+ 1356 Thu Oct 22 13:56:00 BST 2020".
This may be related to #2660 but that issue has been closed for two years and that problem should be fixed.