[ONNX] Clean up patch functions

[justinchuby]

Stack from ghstack (oldest at bottom):

• -> #83136

Changes:

• Move namespace handling from _new_node to _graph_op for clarity
• Always require the aten namespace when creating aten ops. Remove the aten argument supplied in _aten_op for clarity
• Rename the _ATTR_PATTERN global
• Improve types
• Update _add_attribute to raise ValueErrors

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• :test_tube:  See artifacts and rendered test results at hud.pytorch.org/pr/83136
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• :heavy_multiplication_x: C++ docs build was skipped
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[justinchuby]

@pytorchbot rebase

[pytorchmergebot]

@pytorchbot successfully started a rebase job. Check the current status here

[pytorchmergebot]

Successfully rebased gh/justinchuby/5/orig onto refs/remotes/origin/master, please pull locally before adding more changes (for example, via ghstack checkout https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/83136)

[justinchuby]

cc @BowenBao

[justinchuby]

@pytorchbot rebase

[pytorchmergebot]

@pytorchbot successfully started a rebase job. Check the current status here

[pytorchmergebot]

Successfully rebased gh/justinchuby/5/orig onto refs/remotes/origin/master, please pull locally before adding more changes (for example, via ghstack checkout https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/83136)

[justinchuby]

@pytorchbot merge -g

[pytorchmergebot]

@pytorchbot successfully started a merge job. Check the current status here. The merge job was triggered with the green (-g) flag. This means that your change will be merged once all checks on your PR have passed (ETA: 0-4 Hours). If this is not the intended behavior, feel free to use some of the other merge options in the wiki. Please reach out to the PyTorch DevX Team with feedback or questions!