Add support for Android as a target platform

[mhsmith]

I am now working on PEP 738, which proposes adding Android as a Tier 3 supported platform for Python 3.13. I'll use this page to track all the issues related to this work.

This was previously managed at #71052, but most of that issue's history is now irrelevant, so I'm opening a fresh one.

Android-related issues which were open before the PEP 738 work began:

• https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/71042
• https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/76391
• https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/75824
• https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/83032
• https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/91028
• https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/111225

Issues added during the PEP 738 work:

• #114875
• #116057

PRs from the PEP 738 work which are not linked to one of these issues will be listed below.

FYI: @freakboy3742 @encukou

Linked PRs

• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/115576
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/115917
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/115918
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/115923
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/115955
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/116215
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/116379
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/116423
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/116426
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/116617
• https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/116618
• gh-116758