`rename_vars` followed by `swap_dims` and `merge` causes swapped dim to reappear

[brendan-m-murphy]

What happened?

I wanted to rename a dimension coordinate for two datasets before merging: ds = ds.rename_vars(y="z").swap_dims(y="z"), and the same for the second data set. After merging the datasets, the merged result has the dimension "y" in addition to "z".

Swapping the order of rename_vars and swap_dims before merging works in that "y" does not reappear, but then "z" is listed as a non-dimension coordinate.

Doing rename_vars followed by swap_dims /after/ merging gives the result I wanted, but if I merge again, the same issue occurs.

My current solution is to only rename dimension coordinates before saving to netCDF.

What did you expect to happen?

Merging two datasets with the same coordinates and dimensions (but different data variables) should result in a single dataset with all of the data variables from the two datasets and exactly the same coordinates and dimensions.

Minimal Complete Verifiable Example

import numpy as np
import xarray as xr
from xarray.core.utils import Frozen


A = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 2))
B = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 2)) + 4
ds1 = xr.Dataset({"A": (["x", "y"], A), "B": (["x", "y"], B)}, coords={"x": ("x", [1, 2]), "y": ("y", [1, 2])})
ds2 = xr.Dataset({"C": (["x", "y"], A), "D": (["x", "y"], B)}, coords={"x": ("x", [1, 2]), "y": ("y", [1, 2])})

assert ds1.dims == Frozen({"x": 2, "y": 2})
assert ds2.dims == Frozen({"x": 2, "y": 2})

ds1_swap = ds1.rename_vars(y="z").swap_dims(y="z")
ds2_swap = ds2.rename_vars(y="z").swap_dims(y="z")

assert ds1_swap.dims == Frozen({"x": 2, "z": 2})
assert ds2_swap.dims == Frozen({"x": 2, "z": 2})

# merging makes the dimension "y" reappear (I would expect this assertion to fail):
assert xr.merge([ds1_swap, ds2_swap]).dims == Frozen({"x": 2, "z": 2, "y": 2})

# renaming and swapping after the merge causes issues later:
ds12 = xr.merge([ds1, ds2]).rename_vars(y="z").swap_dims(y="z")
ds3 = xr.Dataset({"E": (["x", "z"], A), "F": (["x", "z"], B)}, coords={"x": ("x", [1, 2]), "z": ("z", [1, 2])})

# ds12 and ds3 have the same dimensions:
assert ds12.dims == Frozen({"x": 2, "z": 2})
assert ds3.dims == Frozen({"x": 2, "z": 2})

# but merging brings back "y"
ds123 = xr.merge([ds12, ds3])
assert ds123.dims == Frozen({"x": 2, "z": 2, "y": 2})

# as do other operations:
ds12_as = ds12.assign_coords(x=(ds12.x + 1))
assert ds12_as.sizes == Frozen({"x": 2, "z": 2, "y": 2})

MVCE confirmation

• [X] Minimal example — the example is as focused as reasonably possible to demonstrate the underlying issue in xarray.
• [X] Complete example — the example is self-contained, including all data and the text of any traceback.
• [X] Verifiable example — the example copy & pastes into an IPython prompt or Binder notebook, returning the result.
• [X] New issue — a search of GitHub Issues suggests this is not a duplicate.
• [x] Recent environment — the issue occurs with the latest version of xarray and its dependencies.

Relevant log output

No response

Anything else we need to know?

No response

Environment

The MVCE works in all venvs I've tried including:

INSTALLED VERSIONS

commit: None python: 3.10.13 (main, Nov 10 2023, 15:02:19) [GCC 11.4.0] python-bits: 64 OS: Linux OS-release: 6.5.0-14-generic machine: x86_64 processor: x86_64 byteorder: little LC_ALL: None LANG: en_GB.UTF-8 LOCALE: ('en_GB', 'UTF-8') libhdf5: 1.12.2 libnetcdf: 4.9.3-development

xarray: 2023.11.0 pandas: 1.5.3 numpy: 1.26.2 scipy: 1.11.4 netCDF4: 1.6.5 pydap: None h5netcdf: 1.3.0 h5py: 3.10.0 Nio: None zarr: None cftime: 1.6.3 nc_time_axis: 1.4.1 iris: None bottleneck: None dask: 2023.12.0 distributed: None matplotlib: 3.8.2 cartopy: 0.22.0 seaborn: 0.13.0 numbagg: None fsspec: 2023.12.1 cupy: None pint: None sparse: 0.15.1 flox: None numpy_groupies: None setuptools: 69.0.2 pip: 23.3.1 conda: None pytest: 7.4.3 mypy: None IPython: 8.18.1 sphinx: None /home/brendan/Documents/inversions/.pymc_venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/_distutils_hack/init.py:33: UserWarning: Setuptools is replacing distutils. warnings.warn("Setuptools is replacing distutils.")

INSTALLED VERSIONS

commit: None python: 3.9.7 (default, Sep 16 2021, 13:09:58) [GCC 7.5.0] python-bits: 64 OS: Linux OS-release: 3.10.0-1160.81.1.el7.x86_64 machine: x86_64 processor: x86_64 byteorder: little LC_ALL: None LANG: en_GB.UTF-8 LOCALE: ('en_GB', 'UTF-8') libhdf5: None libnetcdf: None

xarray: 2024.1.0 pandas: 2.2.0 numpy: 1.26.3 scipy: None netCDF4: None pydap: None h5netcdf: None h5py: None Nio: None zarr: None cftime: None nc_time_axis: None iris: None bottleneck: None dask: None distributed: None matplotlib: None cartopy: None seaborn: None numbagg: None fsspec: None cupy: None pint: None sparse: None flox: None numpy_groupies: None setuptools: 69.0.3 pip: 23.3.2 conda: None pytest: None mypy: None IPython: 8.18.1 sphinx: None

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[max-sixty]

Thanks for the excellent issue @brendan-m-murphy .

This is really surprising. If we look at these two objects, there's no y to be found:

[ins] In [3]: ds1_swap
Out[3]:
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:  (x: 2, z: 2)
Coordinates:
  * x        (x) int64 1 2
  * z        (z) int64 1 2
Data variables:
    A        (x, z) int64 0 1 2 3
    B        (x, z) int64 4 5 6 7

[ins] In [4]: ds2_swap
Out[4]:
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:  (x: 2, z: 2)
Coordinates:
  * x        (x) int64 1 2
  * z        (z) int64 1 2
Data variables:
    C        (x, z) int64 0 1 2 3
    D        (x, z) int64 4 5 6 7

But then if we merge them, a y dimension appears:

[ins] In [2]: xr.merge([ds1_swap, ds2_swap])
Out[2]:
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:  (x: 2, z: 2, y: 2)  # where does this come from?
Coordinates:
  * x        (x) int64 1 2
  * z        (y) int64 1 2
Dimensions without coordinates: y
Data variables:
    A        (x, z) int64 0 1 2 3
    B        (x, z) int64 4 5 6 7
    C        (x, z) int64 0 1 2 3
    D        (x, z) int64 4 5 6 7

Where does the y come from? Even if I look through the entries of ds1_swap.__slots__, I can't find it (though I haven't looked exhaustively)

I think we should be quite worried about this — one of the wonderful things about xarray is that it's not doing surprising things — the repr of the object is effectively a full representation of it. But this violates that — somewhere there's a y lurking! :)

IIRC @benbovy has helped fix similar things in the past, hope it's OK to tag you in case you have any ideas.

[benbovy]

It might be worth looking at the ._indexes property of the datasets obtained after rename_vars and/or swap_dims. If it returns a dict with a "y" item that could be the culprit (it shouldn't be there) causing merge to recreate a coordinate from it.

I suspect a bug in swap_dims in this (very?) specific case where for the old dimension ("y") there is an indexed, non-dimension coordinate that has the same name than the new dimension ("z"). Not sure, though. I'll investigate more later.

[max-sixty]

It might be worth looking at the ._indexes property of the datasets obtained after rename_vars and/or swap_dims.

Thanks for the response + the idea. It's indeed on the dim:

[nav] In [32]: ds2_swap._indexes['z'].dim
Out[32]: 'y'

Should the z & y there ever be different? Unless we can define them in a single place, should we have a runtime check that they don't differ?

[benbovy]

Good catch. A possible fix would be

class Dataset(...):

    def swap_dims(self, ...):
        ...

        for current_name, current_variable in self.variables.items():
            ...
            if current_name in result_dims:
                ...
                if current_name in self._indexes:
                    indexes[current_name] = self._indexes[current_name]
                    indexes[current_name].dim = dims_dict[current_name]     # update the index dim here
                    variables[current_name] = var
                else:
                    ...
            else:
                ...

However, this fix works only in the case of a single PandasIndex. I suspect that swap_dims might also not work correctly for other edge cases involving more advanced (custom) indexes, so it might be a bit trickier to address properly.

Maybe it's time to deprecate swap_dims? It has been suggested as TODO for a while... There are now working alternatives that are easier to understand (e.g., using non-dimension indexed coordinate and/or using rename_dims or rename_vars that preserve the index).

[keewis]

Is swap_dims just a composition of rename_dims and the new-ish set_xindex and drop_index, or does it do something else on top? If not, I agree we should deprecate it, or at least its current implementation.

[benbovy]

To my knowledge it doesn't allow doing more than what we can do now with those other methods, it only adds some confusion :).

[keewis]

if these two:

ds = xr.Dataset(coords={"x": ("x", [0, 1]), "y": ("x", [-1, 1])})

ds.swap_dims({"x": "y"})
ds.rename_dims({"x": "y"}).set_xindex("y").drop_indexes(["x"])

do the same thing, could we just make the former use the latter as implementation (obviously adapted to allow renaming multiple dimensions at the same time)? I don't think we'd even need a deprecation cycle for that.

[benbovy]

Ah yes probably, although not sure that rename_dims should be always chained with set_xindex and/or drop_indexes depending on the cases. I'd be in favor to just drop swap_dims (after deprecating it).

[keewis]

If you're not chaining set_xindex and drop_indexes then it would be better to do rename_dims directly, no?

In any case, I'm just saying that if we are to drop swap_dims we should be able to point to something that does exactly the same thing. set_xindex is a bit limited in that it only allow creating an index for one coordinate per call, so as far as I can tell we'd need to point to something using assign_coords and xr.Coordinates. However, with that my worry is that that would be a lot more to write.

[brendan-m-murphy]

In my case, I'm using swap_dims instead of rename_dims because of the rename_vars call before (coord y to z precludes renaming dim y to z). Also, I think the "reappearing dimension" problem doesn't happen if I only call swap_dims, e.g. if there is a coordinate lat with dimension latitude and I swap the dimension latitude to lat, this seems to work fine.

Anyway, it doesn't seem like you'd be able to replace swap_dims with rename_dims plus set_xindex and drop_indexes in this case.

[keewis]

interestingly, rename_dims → rename_vars works, but not the other way around (it suggests to use swap_dims instead). This, again, is a relic of how xarray used to work in earlier versions, and we should probably remove that error.

[dcherian]

Anecdotally, I've seen swap_dims used a bunch so I support reimplementing it in terms of more atomic operations

[brendan-m-murphy]

interestingly, rename_dims → rename_vars works, but not the other way around (it suggests to use swap_dims instead). This, again, is a relic of how xarray used to work in earlier versions, and we should probably remove that error.

Ah okay, I probably tried rename_vars then rename_dims and followed the suggestion to use swap_dims.

As you say, for

ds = xr.Dataset(coords={"x": ("x", [0, 1])})
ds1 = ds.rename_dims({"x": "y"}).rename_vars({"x": "y"})
ds2 = ds.rename_vars({"x": "y"}).swap_dims({"x": "y"})

I get the expected result when I merge ds and ds1

In [11]: xr.merge([ds, ds1])
Out[11]: 
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:  (x: 2, y: 2)
Coordinates:
  * x        (x) int64 0 1
  * y        (y) int64 0 1
Data variables:
    *empty*

but the dimension of y is reverted to x if I merge ds and ds2:

In [10]: xr.merge([ds, ds2])
Out[10]: 
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:  (x: 2)
Coordinates:
  * x        (x) int64 0 1
  * y        (x) int64 0 1
Data variables:
    *empty*

(Also I just realised ds.rename({"x": "y"}) would work as well. I'm not sure why I didn't try that.)

[benbovy]

I might miss the high-level picture here.

I thought that swap_dims was mostly used as a workaround to (temporarily?) perform label-based operations (selection, alignment, etc) using another existing coordinate than the dimension coordinate.

This workaround is not needed anymore since we support indexes for non-dimension coordinates. And for renaming a dimension coordinate there is indeed .rename() that is more explicit.

@dcherian did you see swap_dims l used for other applications?

[benbovy]

I've tried re-implementing swap_dims it in terms of more atomic operations in #8911, but unfortunately it cannot handle the pandas multi-index special case. I think this cannot be easily done until we fully drop the implicit creation of coordinates from a pd.MultiIndex (#8140).

Regarding this issue, the other possible fix in https://github.com/pydata/xarray/issues/8646#issuecomment-1910293215 is limited to pandas single indexes.

As an alternative to those fixes and deprecating swap_dims, I wonder if we shouldn't limit it to the case of dimension coordinates, i.e.,

ds = xr.Dataset(coords={"x": ("x", [0, 1])})
renamed = ds.rename_vars({"x": "y"})

renamed.swap_dims({"x": "y"})
# ValueError: swap_dims only works with dimension coordinates but found coordinate "y" with dimension "x"

This will not fix the issue here but at least it will provide a clear error message instead of weird issues (old dimension appearing from nowhere) later on. Workarounds exist like .rename() and we should also allow chaining rename_vars -> rename_dims (implemented in #8911).