Couldn't deploy MACI on goerli network

[baumstern]

Deploying MACI to other networks (e.g. Arbitrum testnet, local hardhat network, ephemeral geth network) succeed, but failed to deploy to goerli network with following error:

node build/index.js create     --vk-registry "$VK_REGISTRY_ADDRESS"
Deploying InitialVoiceCreditProxy
Deploying Poseidon contracts

/home/ubuntu/maci/cli/node_modules/@ethersproject/logger/src.ts/index.ts:225
        const error: any = new Error(message);
                           ^
Error: replacement fee too low (error={"name":"ProviderError","code":-32000,"_isProviderError":true}, method="sendTransaction", transaction=undefined, code=REPLACEMENT_UNDERPRICED, version=providers/5.5.3)
    at Logger.makeError (/home/ubuntu/maci/cli/node_modules/@ethersproject/logger/src.ts/index.ts:225:28)
    at Logger.throwError (/home/ubuntu/maci/cli/node_modules/@ethersproject/logger/src.ts/index.ts:237:20)
    at checkError (/home/ubuntu/maci/cli/node_modules/@ethersproject/providers/src.ts/json-rpc-provider.ts:67:16)
    at /home/ubuntu/maci/cli/node_modules/@ethersproject/providers/src.ts/json-rpc-provider.ts:215:24
    at processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:96:5)

Reproduce

You should first configure hardhat.config.js file to goerli network be used in following commands. And then run following commands:

git config --global url."https://github.com/".insteadOf git://github.com/

git clone https://github.com/appliedzkp/maci
cd maci
git checkout v1

# To prevent `npm install` failure of circuit package, 
# it has to checkout manually because version of `circomlib` has pinned to a specific commit
mkdir -p circuits/node_modules
cd circuits/node_modules
git init circomlib
cd circomlib
git remote add origin https://github.com/weijiekoh/circomlib
git -c protocol.version=2 fetch --no-tags --prune --progress --no-recurse-submodules --depth=1 origin ac85e82c1914d47789e2032fb11ceb2cfdd38a2b
git checkout --progress --force ac85e82c1914d47789e2032fb11ceb2cfdd38a2b
rm -rf ./.git

# Setup maci repo
cd ../../..
npm install
npx lerna bootstrap --no-ci
npm run build

# Compile contracts
cd contracts
npm run compileSol


RAPIDSNARK_LINK=https://maci-devops-zkeys.s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com/rapidsnark-linux-amd64-1c137
RAPIDSNARK_PATH=~/rapidsnark/build

echo 'Install rapidsnark (1c137)'

# Download rapidsnark (1c137)
mkdir -p "$RAPIDSNARK_PATH"
wget -qO "$RAPIDSNARK_PATH"/prover "$RAPIDSNARK_LINK"
chmod +x "$RAPIDSNARK_PATH"/prover


ZKEYS_LINK=https://maci-devops.s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com/zkeys_glibc-211.tar.gz
ZKEYS_FILE_NAME=zkeys.tar.gz
ZKEYS_PARAMS='10-2-1-2'
ZKEYS_GLIBC='2.11'

echo 'Download zkeys. params: "$ZKEYS_PARAMS", GLIBC version: "$ZKEYS_GLIBC"'
# Download zkeys (development parameter)
# stateTreeDepth: 10
# msgTreeDepth: 2
# msgBatchDepth: 1
# voteOptionTreeDepth: 2
#
cd ../cli
wget -qO "$ZKEYS_FILE_NAME" "$ZKEYS_LINK"
tar -xzvf "$ZKEYS_FILE_NAME"


node build/index.js deployVkRegistry

# export VkRegistry address to env var to run following commands:
node build/index.js setVerifyingKeys -s 10 -i 1 -m 2 -v 2 -b 1 \
    -p ./zkeys/ProcessMessages_10-2-1-2_test.0.zkey \
    -t ./zkeys/TallyVotes_10-1-2_test.0.zkey \
    --vk_registry "$VK_REGISTRY_ADDRESS"

node build/index.js create \
    --vk-registry "$VK_REGISTRY_ADDRESS"