ddl: Enable modify column on partitioned table

[mjonss]

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #38297 ref #39915

Similar to #39922

Problem Summary: There were an issue (#39915) with modify column on partitioned tables, which caused a revert. This will add that code back and include a fix (reset the PhysicaTablelD).

What is changed and how it works?

Check List

Tests

• [ ] Unit test
• [x] Integration test
• [ ] Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• [ ] No code

Side effects

• [ ] Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• [ ] Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• [ ] Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• [ ] Affects user behaviors
• [ ] Contains syntax changes
• [ ] Contains variable changes
• [ ] Contains experimental features
• [ ] Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

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None