Support for Python 3.12

[fniephaus]

TL;DR

We plan to update GraalPy with Python 3.12 support to allow developers to take advantage of new Python language features.

Goal

As of the 24.1 release, GraalPy is limited to Python 3.11. The Python 3.12 release has introduced new features such as type parameters, type statements, and improved f-string parsing. We plan to implement support for these features and upgrade the supported Python language version in GraalPy to 3.12.

Non-Goal

Keep dedicated support for Python 3.11.