Update ci scripts and workflows to improve coverage

[dbarker]

This task is to clean up the ci/do_ci scripts and GitHub CI workflow jobs to improve coverage.

Proposed changes:

• Update the do_ci scripts and GitHub CI workflow:
  • Maintainer test (all components, C++17) with a test matrix on:
    • ABI version 1 & 2,
    • Preview options on/off (propose this replaces sync/async export variations of the test)
  • C++ standard (core components, ABI v1 with preview options) with a test matrix on:
    • C++14, 17, 20, 23
    • With STL, No STL
• Update the README for the ci scripts.

Many of these dimensions are already covered by individual jobs in the ci workflow, but some are not. The goal will be to use the GitHub test matrix strategy and cmake cache files (see test_common/cmake) to make it easier to maintain.

[marcalff]

Using a matrix instead of ad-hoc combinations in CI will be a great improvement.

[github-actions[bot]]

This issue was marked as stale due to lack of activity.