chore: improve `sqrt` in stdlib and fuzz

[TomAFrench]

Description

Problem*

Resolves

Summary*

This PR pushes the calculation in sqrt within the standard library into an unconstrained context where we just assert that the result multiplied by itself is equal to the input.

I've also added a fuzz test for this algorithm.

Additional Context

Documentation*

Check one:

• [x] No documentation needed.
• [ ] Documentation included in this PR.
• [ ] [For Experimental Features] Documentation to be submitted in a separate PR.

PR Checklist*

• [x] I have tested the changes locally.
• [x] I have formatted the changes with Prettier and/or cargo fmt on default settings.