lib: do not call callback if socket is closed

[theanarkh]

Do not call callback if socket is closed.

• [x] make -j4 test (UNIX), or vcbuild test (Windows) passes
• [x] tests and/or benchmarks are included
• [x] documentation is changed or added
• [x] commit message follows commit guidelines

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Review requested:

• [ ] @nodejs/net

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CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/59279/

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CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/59282/

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----------------------------------- PR info ------------------------------------
Title      dgram: do not call callback if socket is closed (#52829)
Author     theanarkh  (@theanarkh)
Branch     theanarkh:dont-emit-error-after-close-handle -> nodejs:main
Labels     dgram, needs-ci
Commits    1
 - lib: do not call callback if socket is closed
Committers 1
 - theanarkh 
PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/52829
Reviewed-By: Matteo Collina 
------------------------------ Generated metadata ------------------------------
PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/52829
Reviewed-By: Matteo Collina 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   ⚠  Commits were pushed since the last approving review:
   ⚠  - lib: do not call callback if socket is closed
   ℹ  This PR was created on Sat, 04 May 2024 07:58:48 GMT
   ✔  Approvals: 1
   ✔  - Matteo Collina (@mcollina) (TSC): https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/52829#pullrequestreview-2057177270
   ✔  Last GitHub CI successful
   ℹ  Last Full PR CI on 2024-05-18T07:21:46Z: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/59282/
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https://github.com/nodejs/node/actions/runs/9146455101

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CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/59301/

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CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/59302/

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CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/59308/

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Landed in f05baff6ade84d9e7f66c9d3f425c117dc161756