Improvements to Dockerfile, build script, and configuration for Aseprite compilation

[loopyd]

This PR makes the following changes:

• Updated Dockerfile with updated slim trixie python base image and add build arguments/environment variable passthrough to compile.sh w/ more reasonably scoped build context.
• Updated compile.sh script with enhanced log streaming, no color, verbosity and quiet options, error, trap/break handling and cleanup, as well as get build working again.
• Fix for vscode: Discard popup, created settings.json to configure SARIF viewer
• Move license from README.md to LICENSE file for standardized project licensing.
• Modified Makefile to add clean command to build fresh.
• Updated docker-compose.yml for better context and arguments.

With this, a working modern build of Aesprite on Linux is possible again.

This PR has been tested for quality assurance (see https://github.com/nilsve/docker-aseprite-linux/pull/24#issuecomment-3536230466)

[loopyd]

Compiling Release verison of Aesprite using make ARGS option:

Result (./output/bin/aesprite)