Add cache of remote patch files, throw on error option

[marcusirgens]

We need the option to throw on patch application errors for our CI pipeline. #31

Also, this fixes the issue where the patcher downloads the patch list over and over for each single installed package.

[marcusirgens]

I'll be happy to fix the code formatting, but it will make this PR significantly harder to read.

[CybotTM]

Hi @marcusirgens,

any chance to get these code formatting issues fixed in this MR?

[CybotTM]

Closing due to being abandoned.