[Feat]: Include node metadata upon claiming

[ralphm]

Problem

The Agent should pass, and Cloud should accept, more meta data on the host being claimed.

Description

When an Agent is claimed, but never succeeds in connecting to Cloud, the only information we have upon claiming is the host/node name. Additional useful information for debugging these cases includes:

• The Agent version.
• OS information, including kernel version.

Importance

really want

Value proposition

1. Aids debugging of Agents that fail to connect after claiming.
2. Aids providing some insights to the users when IP are banned at LB level due to spammy agents (slack thread)

Proposed implementation

• Provide the suggested information as query parameters to the claim API call.
• Store the information in the agents table.
• Emit an event (event.action: agent-claimed) populated with the agent and os fields.

[underhood]

Related agent ticket https://github.com/netdata/netdata/issues/13705