Add GCC compiler problem matcher to CI

[nicolossus]

Resolves https://github.com/nest/nest-simulator/issues/2779.

This PR introduces a GitHub Actions problem matcher which scans the GCC compiler output for a specified regex pattern and surface the information in the UI as annotations.

The problem matcher is identical to the one used in VS Code's cpptools: https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-cpptools/blob/2cc55ea6ebe96b91c118c84784e980bdfaf20304/Extension/package.json#L303-L320.

[heplesser]

@jougs @terhorstd I think you had already looked at this and expressed support. Could you give formal feedback?

[lekshmideepu]

Just a comment: I feel like this is useful. One could may be use this action from the marketplace.