Lint rule: When qubit reuse is not supported, prefer `MResetZ` over `M`

[minestarks]

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We should add a rule to the linter that suggests that calls to M are replaced by MResetZ when the currently selected target's capabilities don't include QubitReuse.

use q = Qubit();
H(q);

// When Profile=Unrestricted, the qubit is reused
// When Profile=Base, this allocates a new hardware qubit
// Using MResetZ would make the behavior less ambiguous
let r = M(q);

Playground link

In this code, the linter could display a warning under M to the effect of "the currently chosen target does not support qubit use after measurement, prefer MResetZ".

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For documentation on how to add lints, see: https://github.com/microsoft/qsharp/blob/main/compiler/qsc_linter/src/lib.rs

For examples of existing lints, see:

https://github.com/microsoft/qsharp/blob/ed2a8fcab06acea8e2b8fcaf64f109bbd979f403/compiler/qsc_linter/src/lints/ast.rs#L10-L12

https://github.com/microsoft/qsharp/blob/ed2a8fcab06acea8e2b8fcaf64f109bbd979f403/compiler/qsc_linter/src/lints/hir.rs#L8

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If you need clarification on an issue please tag @minestarks with your questions.

[Manvi-Agrawal]

@minestarks

• Do you think its worth adding similar lint for MeasureEachZ?
• On a related node I was thinking if its worth adding reset variants for others namely Measure and MeasureAllZ.
• Also, I got a bit stumped by knowing that MeasureInteger ends up resetting the states of qubits :) Maybe rename? Deprecate and rename?

[minestarks]

Good questions - this originally came from @swernli so I'll let him weigh in.

[swernli]

HI @Manvi-Agrawal, I definitely have thoughts on these questions.

• Do you think its worth adding similar lint for MeasureEachZ?

Yes, definitely. MResetEachZ should be preferred over MeasureEachZ.

• On a related node I was thinking if its worth adding reset variants for others namely Measure and MeasureAllZ.

These two are a little special... they support passing an array of qubits but will return a single measurement result, effectively doing a parity measurement that may only partially collapse the state of the qubits in the array. Given that, these are fine when they have multiple inputs but when the input is an array with a single qubit they would be better replaced. I'm not sure how easy it is to differentiate that in lints (array sizes are not known at compile time) so it might be better left for a follow up refinement.

• Also, I got a bit stumped by knowing that MeasureInteger ends up resetting the states of qubits :) Maybe rename? Deprecate and rename?

That is mentioned in the remarks section of the docs on that API, though it could be more prominently featured in the summary. To have a non-resetting version you could use something like ResultArrayAsInt(MeasureEachZ(qubits)) so at least it's not an impossible thing, and that might be worth calling out in the doc comments on MeasureInteger.

[Manvi-Agrawal]

@minestarks , I would like to work on this issue.

[minestarks]

@swernli do we have any precedence for looking up the ItemId of a specific std function in the HIR by name? Thinking about how we'd identify calls to MResetZ. We have some code that looks up core library functions by name (used in HIR passes), but not std.

[swernli]

Ah, that's a good point. We avoided that in the past in part because a compilation may not us the stdlib at all, so it's not guaranteed to be there. I think to get the right resolutions identified we could cheat a bit and have a bit of code that as a prerequisite compiles just the expression MResetZ with std and then checks what resolution it turns into in HIR. We could even have it be a tuple of the desired callables, something like (M, MResetZ, MeasureEachZ, MResetEachZ) which would then show up as a tuple expression with a list of resolutions in it. The real trick would be minimizing the cost of this compilation by ensuring it reuses a compiled stdlib rather then recompiling it from scratch...