Standardize detector failure reporting and exception handling

[cobya]

Across the various component detectors, there is a lack of standardized exception handling and error reporting via logger output. This leads to inconsistent user experience when detection for a specific ecosystem fails.

### Tasks
- [ ] Define a standard exception handling and log output practice across detectors
- [ ] Update all related exception handling
- [ ] Create a standard telemetry object which will be published on 
- [ ] Docs updates for the new detector guidance

This change will be released with other breaking changes planned for Component Detection v5. See tracking issue TBD.