Parsing date entries on frontend.

[dikwickley]

Fixes #2327

Technical details

This PR adds an allowPartialParse flag to the FormattedInput. This flag prevents strings that are not formatted as they are incomplete. Incomplete date inputs are enabled with a has-errorclass that signifies that the input is not ready to be submitted and is in incorrect format. Only parsed dates are sent to the backend now rather than sending raw user input like before. Also added few more formatting strings to format special cases.

Screenshots

https://github.com/mathesar-foundation/mathesar/assets/31622972/9c35bc7c-9907-425c-a3c8-8fcaa1de460c

Checklist

• [x] My pull request has a descriptive title (not a vague title like Update index.md).
• [x] My pull request targets the develop branch of the repository
• [x] My commit messages follow best practices.
• [x] My code follows the established code style of the repository.
• [ ] I added tests for the changes I made (if applicable).
• [ ] I added or updated documentation (if applicable).
• [x] I tried running the project locally and verified that there are no visible errors.

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[seancolsen]

@pavish I had initially assigned this to me to review since I opened the ticket. But now I see that it's targeting code that you wrote, so I think it would be better if you could review it. I've assigned you.