Style: Responsive Images/Figures & SCSS/Content Cleanup

[zihanKuang]

Description:

This PR solves #547.

• SCSS (_styles_project.scss):

  • Both general image styles and figure elements within .td-content now use a responsive max-width of clamp(320px, 100%, 700px). This allows them to adapt fluidly to parent container widths, maintaining a 320px minimum and adhering to the specified maximum.
  • Image & Figure Refactoring: Established a new general style rule for images (img, .md__image img, img.md-image-responsive) within .td-content to centralize common image properties and provide consistent base styling.
  • Code Cleanup: Removed a duplicate clip-path declaration and several redundant CSS properties, as these are now correctly inherited from the new general rules.

• Content:

  • performance/index.md: Minor text corrections.
  • comments/index.md: Removed inline width styles from <figure> tags, deferring to global SCSS.

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[leecalcote]

Awesome. Nice job.