Cache / save the check results and reuse them

[Felixoid]

For new checks and feature suggestions

• [x] https://www.shellcheck.net/ (i.e. the latest commit) currently gives no useful warnings about this
• [x] I searched through https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck/issues and didn't find anything related

Here's what I wanted or expected to see:

Our CI in https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse currently spends around 5 minutes per PR/merge into master to run the shellcheck on top of the repository, using the following script https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/blob/82a830819815eb805ffe39cf2c2e3e0870c55ffa/utils/check-style/shellcheck-run.sh

Some checkers like mypy, black etc. supports incremental runs, so by preserving them through the runs, we can significantly improve the run. Is it possible to achieve the same in shellcheck?