hashing/fnv: avoid allocating

[bmkessler]

The previous implementation unnecessarily allocated on each invocation of the hash function. Using a single initialization removes that allocation and significantly speeds up the hash for small inputs.

name         old time/op    new time/op     delta
FNV1/1-8       20.4ns ± 1%      8.6ns ± 2%   -57.92%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/2-8       21.1ns ± 6%      9.5ns ± 1%   -54.96%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/4-8       22.3ns ± 2%     10.3ns ± 3%   -53.76%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/8-8       25.9ns ± 7%     12.4ns ± 0%   -52.20%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/32-8      46.7ns ± 1%     33.7ns ± 1%   -27.88%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/64-8      80.1ns ± 2%     63.7ns ± 1%   -20.43%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/128-8      146ns ± 1%      129ns ± 1%   -11.51%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/256-8      282ns ± 3%      264ns ± 2%    -6.38%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/512-8      547ns ± 1%      527ns ± 0%    -3.55%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/1024-8    1.07µs ± 1%     1.06µs ± 1%    -1.38%  (p=0.016 n=5+5)
FNV1/4096-8    4.26µs ± 2%     4.23µs ± 1%      ~     (p=0.206 n=5+5)
FNV1/8192-8    8.48µs ± 0%     8.44µs ± 0%    -0.42%  (p=0.016 n=5+5)

name         old speed      new speed       delta
FNV1/1-8     49.1MB/s ± 1%  116.6MB/s ± 2%  +137.66%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/2-8     94.9MB/s ± 5%  210.7MB/s ± 1%  +121.91%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/4-8      179MB/s ± 2%    388MB/s ± 2%  +116.62%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/8-8      310MB/s ± 7%    647MB/s ± 1%  +108.41%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/32-8     685MB/s ± 1%    950MB/s ± 1%   +38.65%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/64-8     800MB/s ± 2%   1004MB/s ± 1%   +25.58%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/128-8    872MB/s ± 2%    987MB/s ± 1%   +13.13%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/256-8    906MB/s ± 4%    967MB/s ± 2%    +6.74%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/512-8    935MB/s ± 1%    970MB/s ± 1%    +3.74%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/1024-8   953MB/s ± 1%    967MB/s ± 1%    +1.42%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
FNV1/4096-8   961MB/s ± 1%    968MB/s ± 1%      ~     (p=0.222 n=5+5)
FNV1/8192-8   966MB/s ± 0%    970MB/s ± 0%    +0.43%  (p=0.016 n=5+5)

[bmkessler]

@kellabyte Also, if you avoid the use of the hash interface from the standard lib and use an implementation of FNV that has the appropriate signature FNV1a(b []byte) uint64 you get another ~40% speed boost for small inputs. I can submit that as well if interested. FNV is one of the faster hashes for very small inputs. Its main drawback is working a byte at a time, which slows it down considerably for large inputs.