[DataCatalog]: Move pattern resolution logic outside of `DataCatalog`

[ElenaKhaustova]

Description

Implement DataCatalog prototype with pattern resolution logic moved outside of it.

Context

https://github.com/kedro-org/kedro/issues/3995#issuecomment-2298793761

Related to https://github.com/kedro-org/kedro/discussions/3746

Possible Implementation

• Move pattern resolution logic to a separate component;
• Implement KedroDataCatalog ensuring #3925, #3926, #3916 and #3931
• Resolve configurations outside of the catalog and pass them to the catalog;