[WIP] Add iterated loss

[zhu-han]

This PR implements iterated loss from https://github.com/k2-fsa/snowfall/issues/179#issuecomment-830565127. Reference: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.10324.pdf

The following results could be reproduced with:

python mmi_att_transformer_train.py --world-size 2 --full-libri 0 --use-ali-model 0 --max-duration 250 --iterated-layers 5 --iterated-scale 0.3

Results with different iterated scale are shown in Table 1, it doesn't show clear improvement now.

• Table 1

iterated scale	test-clean	test-other	test-clean (rescore)	test-other (rescore)
-	6.74	17.18	5.63	14.92
-	6.78	17.49	5.76	15.31
0.01	6.71	17.34	5.6	14.86
0.05	6.58	17.35	5.69	15.06
0.30	6.57	17.6	5.61	15.38
1.00	6.77	17.69	5.8	15.58
10.00	6.93	18.31	5.88	16.22

The first two lines are baseline results with no iterated loss. I run it twice to see the randomness of results.

Details:

• It adds an extra mmi loss after the 6th conformer layer. Also tried adding after both 4th and 8th layers, the results are similar, shown in Table 2.
• The weight of the bigram lm in mmi loss is not updated using the extra mmi loss. The comparison with the other way is shown in Table 3.

Extra results:

• Table 2 (Add extra mmi losses after 4th and 8th layers)

iterated scale	test-clean	test-other	test-clean (rescore)	test-other (rescore)
-	6.74	17.18	5.63	14.92
-	6.78	17.49	5.76	15.31
0.30	6.61	17.65	5.65	15.52
1.00	6.66	18.13	5.68	15.87
10.00	6.75	18.43	5.74	16.25

• Table 3 (Update bigram using extra mmi loss or not)

model	test-clean	test-other	test-clean (rescore)	test-other (rescore)
-	6.57	17.6	5.61	15.38
+ update bigram with extra loss	6.75	17.77	5.69	15.53