Add timeout for stage writings to avoid EIO when it hangs for more than 5 minutes

[polyrabbit]

When stage disk hangs for a long time, user will get an EIO finally. We can avoid this fatal error by applying PutTimeout to stage writings too.

https://github.com/juicedata/juicefs/blob/fd191eadc403a30441a3aee291a8c8622b2aa32a/pkg/vfs/writer.go#L360-L362