Review if all parameters have `{checkmate}` statement in all functions

[m7pr]

There are parameters in many functions that do not have assertions using {checkmate}. Take a look and review if all parameter types are verified. Initially discussed in here https://github.com/insightsengineering/teal.modules.clinical/pull/1046#discussion_r1482622110

by @Melkiades

I would focus on doing this on the user-facing functions. Usually, there are a lot of parameters cast down to the template, hence a lot of repetition of checks in internal functions. I would have the tm_* complete first.