fix(component-store): make synchronous updater errors catchable

PR Checklist

Please check if your PR fulfills the following requirements:

• [x] The commit message follows our guidelines: https://github.com/ngrx/platform/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#commit
• [x] Tests for the changes have been added (for bug fixes / features)
• [ ] Documentation has been added / updated (for bug fixes / features)

PR Type

What kind of change does this PR introduce?

[x] Bugfix
[ ] Feature
[ ] Code style update (formatting, local variables)
[ ] Refactoring (no functional changes, no api changes)
[ ] Build related changes
[ ] CI related changes
[ ] Documentation content changes
[ ] Other... Please describe:

What is the current behavior?

Closes #3266

What is the new behavior?

All synchronous errors are now catchable. Also, error handling is changed - an error will not be emitted to the stateSubject$ anymore, it will be thrown instead.

Does this PR introduce a breaking change?

[ ] Yes
[x] No

As we discussed at the last team meeting, this should not be considered a breaking change.

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