feat(descheming): add `catalog` kwarg to table accessing methods

[gforsyth]

In #8655 we deprecated the non-hierarchical usage of schema everywhere (hopefully).

In an effort to make that as smooth as possible for users, we settled on a pattern of allowing passing in either a tuple of strings or a dotted string path "catalog.database" as the argument to the database kwarg.

Once schema is removed, we should also add a catalog kwarg to allow users to specify table hierarchy in a slightly more programmatic way. There is some bookkeeping around how to handle combinations of arguments to catalog and database, but we've effectively already written it all, just for database and schema.

xref 8867

[ncclementi]

@gforsyth quick question, schema gets removed in 10.0. I'm assuming that this one should be tackled only after that release correct?

[gforsyth]

we could add it in the same release, or in 10.1