[ci] #2309: Re-enable doc tests in CI

[s8sato]

Description of the Change

Features

1. Enable doc tests in tests_with_coverage job
2. Enable --no-fail-fast in tests_with_coverage job
3. Add tests with --no-default-features mainly for no_std
4. Consolidate Dockerfile.build and Dockerfile

Refactors

• Consolidate iroha2-stable*.yml and iroha2-lts*.yml
• Rename image iroha2-ci to iroha2-base

Fixes

• Fix doc tests

Issue

• Closes #2309
• Opens #2604

Benefits

1. CI will test the examples in the documentation, which have not been tested since #2223
2. CI will run all tests regardless of failure
3. CI will test the codebase with no default features, which has not been tested before
4. No need for separate build of prior images

Possible Drawbacks

1. Takes more CI time. Allows doc tests to use nightly features
2. None
3. Consumes 2 more runners
4. None

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

Merging #2427 (74eb719) into iroha2-dev (a16d9c3) will decrease coverage by 1.97%. The diff coverage is 69.67%.

@@              Coverage Diff               @@
##           iroha2-dev    #2427      +/-   ##
==============================================
- Coverage       67.61%   65.63%   -1.98%     
==============================================
  Files             140      163      +23     
  Lines           26173    28713    +2540     
==============================================
+ Hits            17696    18846    +1150     
- Misses           8477     9867    +1390     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
actor/src/actor_id.rs	90.00% <ø> (ø)
actor/src/deadlock.rs	100.00% <ø> (ø)
cli/derive/src/lib.rs	92.30% <ø> (+17.58%)	:arrow_up:
cli/src/event.rs	41.86% <ø> (ø)
cli/src/main.rs	1.35% <ø> (ø)
cli/src/stream.rs	81.39% <ø> (ø)
cli/src/torii/mod.rs	28.88% <0.00%> (ø)
client/src/http.rs	47.82% <ø> (ø)
client/src/http_default.rs	41.59% <ø> (-18.59%)	:arrow_down:
client_cli/src/main.rs	0.27% <0.00%> (+0.01%)	:arrow_up:
... and 211 more

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[s8sato]

Converted to draft because I'd like to wait for #2433 merge. I'd welcome reviews, but further changes would be made during resolving the conflicts

[appetrosyan]

This PR needs to be squashed.