Backport of updated protobuf dependency to `v1.34.1` in main `go.mod` and `sdk/go.mod` into release/1.14.x

[hc-github-team-secure-vault-core]

Backport

This PR is auto-generated from #27030 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label backport/1.14.x.

The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.

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https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf-go/releases suggests no worrying changes since v.1.33.0

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Overview of commits

• 4fbe7d9665a6a32dbee729d7c8ae95b042c4db23

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CI Results: All Go tests succeeded! :white_check_mark:

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