#641 Upgrade deps/Kotlin/JVM/C++/Bazel/bzlmod.

[duckladydinh]

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This CL implements https://github.com/grpc/grpc-kotlin/issues/641:

1. Upgrades Kotlin version to >= 2.1.0 (rules_kotlin latest version).
2. Upgrades C++14 to 17.
3. Upgrades Java 8 to 17.
4. Upgrades to Bzlmod.
5. Upgrades Bazel 6.3.1 to 7.6.1 (LTS).
6. Upgrades several other deps (plugins, libraries...).
7. Removes CoroutinesTimeout to avoid test issues.
8. Removes some unused dependencies.
9. Update gradle.yml to Java 17 and macos-13 (the last version before Apple Silicon).
10. Update bazel.yml to use latest bazelisk + Java 17.

This will make it easy for us to use https://registry.bazel.build/