Replace generic macros with math equivalents

[Repiteo]

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godot-cpp counterpart to godotengine/godot#91324

As this is already largely implemented on godot-cpp's side already, this isn't technically dependant on the aforementioned PR (though it does lift the internals & constexpr). Rather, this focuses on converting whatever remaining macro instances existed with their math equivalents, and labeling the macros as deprecated.

[dsnopek]

Thanks! This looks good at a first glance :-)

this isn't technically dependant on the aforementioned PR (though it does lift the internals & constexpr)

I'd still prefer to wait until the Godot PR is merged, so that we can be sure this PR is sync'd with the latest version of the code there