Improve C++.gitignore

[moezgwall]

Reasons for making this change

The existing C++ .gitignore template does not fully cover common build artifacts generated by modern C++ toolchains and build systems.
This change improves developer experience and prevents committing temporary or environment-specific files by adding:

• Linker and debugger artifacts (*.ilk, *.pdb, *.dwo)
• CMake-generated files (CMakeFiles/, CMakeCache.txt, etc.)
• Build directories (build/, build-*/)
• vcpkg package manager folder (vcpkg_installed/)
• Temporary and cache files (*.tmp, *.log, .cache/, etc.)

These updates make the template more robust across platforms (Windows, Linux, macOS) while keeping it general-purpose.

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Links to documentation supporting these rule changes

• CMake build documentation
• Microsoft Visual Studio build outputs
• vcpkg documentation
• Existing C++ .gitignore template

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If this is a new template

Not applicable — this PR updates the existing C++ template.

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Merge and Approval Steps

• [x] Confirm that you've read the contribution guidelines and ensured your PR aligns
• [x] Ensure CI is passing
• [ ] Get a review and Approval from one of the maintainers