fix(browser): Improve browser extension error message check

[Lms24]

This PR makes our check for when we abort and log an error due to Sentry.init being used in a browser extension a bit more fine-gained. In particular, we now do not abort the SDK initialization if we detect that the SDK is running in a browser-extension dedicated window (e.g. a URL starting with chrome-extension://).

This was raised in https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-javascript/issues/12025. h/t @Thomas101 for providing the initial idea how to check for the dedicated pages. I expanded on the check a bit to add other browsers. This list is not complete but probably good enough for start.

Also rewrote the function a bit to hopefully save a few bytes 🤞

[github-actions[bot]]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size
@sentry/browser	21.76 KB (+0.18% 🔺)
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing)	32.92 KB (+0.13% 🔺)
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay)	68.27 KB (+0.07% 🔺)
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay) - with treeshaking flags	61.66 KB (+0.08% 🔺)
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay with Canvas)	72.31 KB (+0.07% 🔺)
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	84.34 KB (+0.06% 🔺)
@sentry/browser (incl. Feedback)	37.76 KB (+0.14% 🔺)
@sentry/browser (incl. sendFeedback)	26.33 KB (+0.16% 🔺)
@sentry/browser (incl. FeedbackAsync)	30.74 KB (+0.16% 🔺)
@sentry/react	24.45 KB (+0.18% 🔺)
@sentry/react (incl. Tracing)	35.9 KB (+0.1% 🔺)
@sentry/vue	25.71 KB (+0.21% 🔺)
@sentry/vue (incl. Tracing)	34.73 KB (+0.11% 🔺)
@sentry/svelte	21.89 KB (+0.18% 🔺)
CDN Bundle	24.31 KB (+0.18% 🔺)
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing)	34.36 KB (+0.14% 🔺)
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay)	68.05 KB (+0.07% 🔺)
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	73.05 KB (+0.07% 🔺)
CDN Bundle - uncompressed	71.43 KB (+0.14% 🔺)
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing) - uncompressed	101.84 KB (+0.1% 🔺)
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay) - uncompressed	211.46 KB (+0.05% 🔺)
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback) - uncompressed	223.81 KB (+0.05% 🔺)
@sentry/nextjs (client)	35.13 KB (+0.12% 🔺)
@sentry/sveltekit (client)	33.49 KB (+0.1% 🔺)
@sentry/node	128.41 KB (+0.13% 🔺)
@sentry/aws-serverless	114.42 KB (+0.13% 🔺)