chore: Updates to stable Debian and node 24 LTS

[mradcliffe]

I was trying to install some new packages into the docker container on bullseye, but I found bullseye and even bookworm were too old.

This PR updates:

• node LTS release (24)
• Debian stable (trixie)

I ran the following locally:

• npm run init-docker-builder
• npm run build-docker
• npm run build-and-load-docker
• npm run sanity-test-docker
• npm run smoke-test-docker