Frédéric Chapoton

simplify a little bit "_an_element_" in parent_old.pyx

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by getting rid of some intermediate methods ### :memo: Checklist - [x] The title is concise and informative. - [x] The description explains in detail what this PR is about.

various details

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- full pep8 cleanup in one file - some details in the other

New ray class

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this is a revival of #15829 ### :memo: Checklist - [ ] The title is concise and informative. - [ ] The description explains in detail what this PR is...

introduce the category of Bounded posets

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as an useful thing to have also declare that finite lattices are bounded ### :memo: Checklist - [x] The title is concise and informative. - [x] The description explains in...

introduce the category of graded lattices

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as this will be a useful thing to have sequel of #39554 and #40705 ### :memo: Checklist - [x] The title is concise and informative. - [x] The description explains...

using pari for elliptic and Eisenstein L-series

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trying to move away from Dokchitser's auld scripts - no longer allowing their use for elliptic curves - same in L-function of number fields - same in L-function of the...

line break before the first line

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trying to fix #41226 ### :memo: Checklist - [x] The title is concise and informative. - [x] The description explains in detail what this PR is about. - [x] I...

just adding a few basic typing annotations in the homology folder ### :memo: Checklist - [x] The title is concise and informative. - [x] The description explains in detail what...

forbid to be both Finite and Infinite

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Currently, one can create `Posets().Finite().Infinite()` and `Posets().Infinite().Finite()` which is not desirable.. ### :memo: Checklist - [x] The title is concise and informative. - [x] The description explains in detail what...

This converts most error messages in words to start with lower-case. Also some pep8-cleanup in one of the modified files. ### :memo: Checklist - [x] The title is concise and...