[v3] Extract Concepts from v2 exercise: beer-song

[silvanocerza]

Extract the list of concepts required to solve the v2 C++ exercise: beer-song. For each concept, describe why it is required to solve the exercise. Keep in mind that an exercise can have multiple approaches (you can find community solutions here: https://exercism.io/tracks/cpp/exercises/beer-song/solutions). The goal of this task is to help determine the total list of concepts that make up beer-song.

The list of concepts should be stored in the following document: languages/cpp/reference/exercise-concepts/beer-song.md. Use this link to create a PR to add this document.