build: Linux: bump GCC from 11.2

[ee7]

Just a tracking issue. There's no extreme pressure to upgrade.

We currently use ubuntu-22.04 with GCC 11.2. GCC 12 is released, but not installed by default.

With the (upcoming) configlet 4.0.0-beta.6 release binary:

$ readelf -p .comment configlet

String dump of section '.comment':
  [     0]  GCC: (Ubuntu 11.2.0-7ubuntu2) 11.2.0
  [    25]  GCC: (Ubuntu 11.2.0-19ubuntu1) 11.2.0

Links:

• https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-12/changes.html
• https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/blob/main/images/linux/Ubuntu2204-Readme.md
• https://packages.ubuntu.com/jammy/gcc
• https://gcc.gnu.org/releases.html
• https://gcc.gnu.org/git/gcc.git
• https://github.com/exercism/configlet/commit/6b6a780e2b9502418d0e69dc20bf5e6e72fb80d8 github(workflows): bump Ubuntu from 20.04 to 22.04

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Tracking issues for C compiler bumps on the other platforms:

• https://github.com/exercism/configlet/issues/661
• https://github.com/exercism/configlet/issues/570

Possible ways to bump:

• Build via zig cc
• Upgrade version in Ubuntu
• Build via docker