Add attestation correlated penalties spec

[dapplion]

Implements correlated penalties proposal from https://ethresear.ch/t/a-concrete-proposal-for-correlated-attester-penalties/19341 with multi-dimensional net_excess_penalties

Quantitative analysis with past mainnet data show that known large operators see their cumulative penalties increased. This proposal is meant to either incentivize operational distribution or reduce the profit margins of scaled operations.

This notebook includes some charts to visualize the behavior of this gadget https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1mOsM-cEibQAqQBtlIdlpS6h5sahOzXEw?usp=sharing

Participation penalties of offline validators are now scaled by an extra penalty_factor. As participation drops (exaggerated in this chart for reference) penalty_factor temporarily increases to > 1. net_excess_penalties is a moving average that asymptotically tends to some value until penalty_factor = 1.

I would like to consider splitting the participation bits into correctness and timeliness. Otherwise a proposer playing timing games can cause a fraction of attesters to suffer increased penalties without any fault of their own. We need more research to understand what behaviors can be attributed to individual setup operations and which can be induced by other network participants.

Joint effort from of EthBerlin04 with @Nerolation and @igorline