lps22: add docs

[nagisa]

Description:

Adding documentation for the proposed LPS22 integration in ESPHome.

Related issue (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome with YAML changes (if applicable): esphome/esphome#7540

Checklist:

• [x] I am merging into next because this is new documentation that has a matching pull-request in esphome as linked above.
  or

• [ ] I am merging into current because this is a fix, change and/or adjustment in the current documentation and is not for a new component or feature.

• [x] Link added in /index.rst when creating new documents for new components or cookbook.

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[github-actions[bot]]

There hasn't been any activity on this pull request recently. This pull request has been automatically marked as stale because of that and will be closed if no further activity occurs within 7 days. Thank you for your contributions.

[nagisa]

Still relevant.

[github-actions[bot]]

There hasn't been any activity on this pull request recently. This pull request has been automatically marked as stale because of that and will be closed if no further activity occurs within 7 days. Thank you for your contributions.

[nagisa]

Still relevant.

[DjordjeMandic]

There are merge conflicts and failing checks in linked PR. This cannot be merged until linked PR is approved and ready to merge

[nagisa]

I am aware. Was just responding to the stale bot to make sure this does not get closed out. The linked PR is no longer failing checks after a maintainer merged in dev though.