[7.17] Align all usages of protobuf to be 3.21.9 (#92123)

[gwbrown]

Backport

This will backport the following commits from main to 7.17:

• Align all usages of protobuf to be 3.21.9 (#92123)

Questions ?

Please refer to the Backport tool documentation

[masseyke]

Looks like x-pack/snapshot-tool/build.gradle is referencing a couple of old versions in 7.17. I assume we could just upgrade those dependencies, too.

[gwbrown]

Finally got a bit of time to circle back around to this - grep says I got all of em this time.